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Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery


Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from MBBS)
"MBBS" redirects here. For other uses, see MBBS (disambiguation).
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin: Medicinae Baccalaureus, 
Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated in many ways, e.g. MBBS, MBChB, MBBCh, MB BChir 
(Cantab), BM BCh (Oxon), BMBS), are the two first professional degrees in medicine and 
surgery awarded upon graduation from medical school by universities in countries that follow the 
tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate undergraduate 
degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one and conferred together, and may also 
be awarded at graduate-level medical schools. In countries that follow the tradition of the 
United States, the equivalent medical degree is awarded as Doctor of Medicine (MD).[1]

History and nature[edit]

The degree is currently awarded in institutions in Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, 
Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the
University of Maryland, and Columbia. Several early North American medical schools were 
(for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and Scotland. 
University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification and 
in Scotland the Doctor of Medicine. In the mid-19th century the public bodies that regulated medical 
practice required practitioners in Scotland and England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and 
Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Throughout the 19th century, North American medical schools switched 
to the tradition of the ancient universities of Scotland and began conferring Doctor of Medicine 
rather than Bachelor of Medicine. The first institution to make such a switch was King's College 
(now Columbia University) in New York.[3]
In the countries that award bachelor's degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a 
holder of a higher doctorate and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research 
and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, 
Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr.", 
whether or not they also hold a Ph.D. or DSc. In theory the right to the use of the title "Doctor" is 
conferred on the medical graduate when he or she is registered as a medical practitioner by the 
relevant professional body, not by the possession of the MBBS degrees.[4] The reason is found in a 
parallel tradition for those who are post-graduate specialists in Surgery; on acceptance into a 
College of Surgeons, they stop styling themselves "Doctor" and revert to "Mister" (Mr), "Miss", 
"Muz" (Ms.) or "Missus" (Mrs). This curious situation, where an elevation in professional rank is 
signified by dropping the title of Doctor, came about because historically a "surgeon" was an 
ordinary worker, usually a barber, not trained in medicine but performing dissections and surgery 
under the direction of a gowned academic who was the actual "doctor".
Despite their styling as two degrees, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are usually 
conferred together. At some institutions, such as Oxford and Cambridge, it was possible to be awarded 
the degrees in different years.[citation needed]
In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. 
For example, most Chinese universities eligible for the degrees provide undergraduate courses 
lasting six years.[5] In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a 
special graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or 
learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first-year courses (for 
six-year degrees) in the basic sciences of physics, chemistry and biology have been abolished: 
that standard has to be reached by school examinations before entry. However, in most countries 
a newly graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in internship 
before they can obtain full registration as a licensed medical practitioner.
Recently, courses have been established in the Commonwealth country Australia that award the title 
MD (see Australia).

Naming[edit]

See also: Surgeon § Surgeon titles
The names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the institution, awarding body or 
country, and vary widely. This is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any difference 
between the relative levels of the degrees. They are considered equivalent.
If the awarding body titles the degrees in Latin, the degrees are commonly named Medicinae 
Baccalaureus, Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, 
or Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia, abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. 
If titled in English, they are named Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Bachelor of 
Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, usually abbreviated as 
MB BS, and sometimes as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin 
to name their degrees.
Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country.

Australia[edit]

See also: Medical education in Australia
Historically, Australian medical schools have followed the British tradition by conferring the 
degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving 
the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the PhD, or for 
their honorary doctorates. Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been 
graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previous Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) 
they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor's degrees together with other undergraduate programs.
The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees 
which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional 
programs. As a result, some Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees 
with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature. With the introduction of the 
Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. 
The University of Melbourne was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, 
and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).[6]

Bahrain[edit]

The Medical University of Bahrain or RCSI-Bahrain is a constituent university of the Royal 
College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and awards its graduates the MB BCh BAO, the same 
degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.

Bangladesh[edit]

All medical schools in Bangladesh award MBBS.
UniversityDegreePrevious degreeDurationLevel
University of DhakaMBBSA- Level6 years (incl. 1 year intern)Undergraduate
BSMMUMD,[7] MSMBBS5 yearsPostgraduate

China[edit]

In China, medical graduates are traditionally awarded a Bachelor of Medicine (BMED) for a course 
of study lasting five or six years. However, as of 2011, 49 universities (including its frequently 
top-ranked medical schools) have been authorized by the government to award the MBBS degree 
as an equivalent to the BMed. The 2014-15 list is not published by Ministry of Education.[8] 
The universities listed in 2011 were:

Egypt[edit]

All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award an MB BCh as the basic medical degree 
after completion of 6 years (academic and clinical training), then one additional year for various 
clinical speciality).

England, Wales and Northern Ireland[edit]

While first degrees in medicine typically meet the expectations of the descriptor for higher 
education qualification at "level 7 (the UK master's degree)", these degrees usually retain, for 
historical reasons, "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" and are abbreviated to MBChB or 
MBBS.[9]
Varied abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas:
At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the preclinical course leads to an additional 
Bachelor of Arts (BA), degree (upgradable after three or four years to Master of Arts), after which 
most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to 
complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: They used to 
have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations or taking one 
of the old non-university qualifying examinations. Most students at Oxford and Cambridge now remain 
in place to take their clinical training.
The Conjoint diplomas LRCP MRCS LMSSA were non-university qualifying examinations in 
medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal 
from 1994 until 1999, when the General Medical Council withdrew permission. Before 1994, 
the English Conjointdiploma of LRCP, MRCS was awarded for 110 years, and the LMSSA was a 
distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular 
among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with 
university degrees.[10] The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in 
medicine overseas.

Ghana[edit]

All Ghanaian medical schools award an MBChB as the basic medical degree after 6 academic years. 

Guyana[edit]

The University of Guyana awards MB BS. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in 
the country award the North American MD, such as Texila American University.

Hong Kong[edit]

The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong follows the British tradition. The dual degree is 
awarded as:

India[edit]

Medical colleges in India, accredited by the Medical Council of India, all title the degrees as 
MBBS. A medical college offers graduate degree Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 
(MBBS). Only institutions offering MBBS course in its curriculum are referred to as a Medical 
Colleges. The college may teach Post Graduate as well as Paramedical courses. The admission to 
government MBBS programs is highly competitive because of high subsidy and extensive 
hands-on experience.
The MBBS course starts with the basic pre and para-clinical subjects such as biochemistry, 
physiology, anatomy, microbiology, pathology and pharmacology. The students simultaneously 
obtain hands-on training in the wards and out-patient departments, where they interact with 
real patients for five years. The curriculum aims to inculcate standard protocols of history taking, 
examination, differential diagnosis and complete patient Management. The student is taught to 
determine what investigations will be useful for a patient and what are the best treatment options. 
The curriculum also contains a thorough practical knowledge and practice of performing standard 
clinical procedures. The course also contains a 12-month-long internship, in which an intern is 
rotated across various specialties. Besides standard clinical care, one also gets a thorough 
experience of ward management, staff management, and thorough counselling skills.
The degree awarded is "Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery". The minimum 
requirements for the MBBS course are 50% marks in physics, chemistry, biology and 
English in the '10+2' examinations. For reserved category students, the requirement is 40%. 
MBBS admissions are not centralised. The admission requirements differ across universities. 
Generally, students who attain higher marks in the qualifying examinations and in the Medical 
Entrance examinations conducted by various agencies are accepted onto the MBBS course.
The government is planning to come up with new medical colleges in 58 districts of India. 
The new colleges will add 5,800 more MBBS seats in the country.
Entrance examinations are conducted by the following agencies:
  • AIIMS Entrance Exams – All India Institute of Medical Science Entrance Exam
  • JIPMER – Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education and Research
  • NEET- National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (For any private as well as public university in India)

Indonesia[edit]

In Indonesia, graduating students are awarded the degree of S.Ked (Sarjana Kedokteran / 
Bachelor of Medicine). At this point, the graduate is not yet a doctor, but he or she may 
choose to work directly as a scientist or other non-clinician professions (usually health-related). 
However, most S.Ked graduates will pursue the conventional path, which is to enroll in the 
clerkship program for another 1.5 up to 2 years.

Iraq[edit]

All medical schools in Iraq award MB ChB.

Ireland[edit]

The medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland - Queen's University 
Belfast, the University of Dublin (Trinity College), some constituent institutions of the 
award the degrees of MB BCh BAO. The letters BAO stand for Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia 
(Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th 
century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination in obstetrics. This third degree 
is an anachronism which is not registerable with the Irish Medical Council nor the British General 
Medical Council (GMC). The only exception is the newly established University of Limerick 
graduate entry school of medicine which awards BM BS for Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor 
of Surgery.
At the University of Dublin the preclinical course leads to an additional Bachelor of Arts (BA) 
degree (upgradable after three or four years to Master of Arts); as originally after this most 
students used to go elsewhere to complete clinical training.
LRCPI LRCSI, or simply LRCP&SI, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying 
of Surgeons in Ireland to students of the RCSI's medical school under the Irish Conjoint Scheme. 
Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England 
(which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical 
Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licences but now also
receive the degrees MB BCh BAO, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the National 
University of Ireland. The RCSI students received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each 
college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications 
were sometimes expressed as L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI or more misleadingly as LLM, RCP&SI.
LAH formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct Apothecaries' Hall of Ireland, and is no 
longer awarded.

Jordan[edit]

The Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree is awarded in Jordan by:

Kenya[edit]

The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely University of Nairobi, 
degree in addition to the five-year MBChB.

Libya[edit]

There are three major public medical universities in Libya, University of Tripoli (Tripoli), 
University of Benghazi (formerly Garyounis) (Benghazi), and University of Alzaweyah. 
The schools award the MBBCh.
The Libyan International Medical University is an accredited private medical university that 
awards an MBChB to its graduates.

Malaysia[edit]

The MBBS is awarded by five public and 14 private universities:

Public[edit]

Private[edit]

Myanmar[edit]

All five medical schools (UM1, UM 2, DSMA, UMM, UMMG) in Myanmar award MB BS.

Nepal[edit]

There are 18 medical schools in Nepal that award the MBBS degree. Nepal Medical Council 
(NMC) is the regulatory board that gives recognition to medical institutions for providing formal 
studies in medical science and training.

Kathmandu University (KU) and affiliated colleges[edit]

  • Kathmandu University, School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Kavre
  • Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS), Pokhara, Kaski
  • College of Medical Sciences (CMS), Bharatpur, Chitwan
  • Kathmandu Medical College (KMC), Sinamangal, Kathmandu
  • Nepal Medical College (NMC), Jorpati, Kathmandu
  • Nepalgunj Medical College (NGMC), Chisapani, Nepalgunj
  • Lumbini Medical College (LMC), Tansen, Palpa
  • Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar
  • Birat Medical college, Biratnagar

Tribhuvan University (TU) and affiliated colleges[edit]

  • Tribhuvan University, Institute of Medicine (IOM), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu
  • Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Kathmandu
  • Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Bhairawaha
  • National Medical College, Birgunj
  • Janaki Medical College, Janakpur
  • KIST Medical College, Imadol, Lalitpur
  • Chitwan Medical College (CMC), Bharatpur, Chitwan
  • Gandaki Medical College (GMCTHRC), Pokhara, Kaski
  • Mahendranagar Medical College, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur

Medical schools not affiliated to universities or having their own board[edit]

  • B.P. Koirala Institute Of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Ghopa, Dharan
  • Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS)-School of Medicine, Patan, Lalitpur
National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS), Kathmandu is an NMC-recognized 
medical college that has post-graduate residency (MD/MS) training programs but does 
not award MBBS degree.

New Zealand[edit]

The two New Zealand medical schools, Auckland and Otago, style their degrees as "MBChB" 
and "MB ChB" respectively.

Pakistan[edit]

Further information: List of medical schools in Pakistan
In Pakistan, a medical school is more often referred to as a medical college. A medical college 
is affiliated with a university as a department which usually has a separate campus. Currently, 
there is a total of 94 medical colleges in Pakistan, 39 of which are public and 55 private. All 
but two colleges are listed in International Medical Education Directory.
All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department 
of health. They, however, have to be recognized after meeting criteria set by a central 
regulatory authority called Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC). Entrance into the 
medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMDC. Both the academic performance 
at the HSC (grades 11-12) and an entrance test like MCAT are taken into consideration for the 
eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges.

Saudi Arabia[edit]

Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award MBBS

Scotland[edit]

All medical schools in Scotland (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow) award MB ChB.
The University of St Andrews School of Medicine awarded MB ChB until the early 1970s, but 
since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the University of Dundee, St Andrews 
now only awards a pre-clinical BSc or BSc (Hons), and students go to a Partner Medical 
School (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Manchester where they are awarded an MB 
ChB after a further three years' study).
The Scottish Triple Conjoint Diploma of LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG (earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, 
LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded 
and from 1994 through the United Examining Board. These qualifications are still registrable with 
the GMC,[citation needed] but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the 
UK in 1999.

Singapore[edit]

American Duke University has a medical programme based in Singapore (Duke-NUS Graduate 
Medical School), but it follows the North American model of styling its degree Doctor of Medicine 
(MD) at master's degree level.[12]

Somalia[edit]

Medical schools in Somalia award the MBBS:[13]

South Africa[edit]

Main article: Medical education in South Africa
all award MBChB, whereas the University of the Witwatersrand styles its degree as MBBCh.

South Sudan[edit]

awards the MBBS degree after the successful completion of six academic years.

Sri Lanka[edit]

In 1942, the University of Ceylon was established through legislation and the MBBS degree was 
recognised for registration of doctors in place of the Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery (LMS).[14]

Sudan[edit]

All Sudanese medical schools award the MBBS.

Syria[edit]

The higher education in Syria provides training to a Diploma, Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate 
levels (see European Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education: 
Syria.[15]

Uganda[edit]

The five universities in Uganda that have medical schools that teach undergraduate courses, namely 
University, all award the MBChB degree, after five years of study.

United States[edit]

Wisconsin[edit]

The Wisconsin Medical Society defends the use of the M.D. title by physicians who graduated 
with an MBBS and are licensed to practice medicine in Wisconsin.[16]

Vietnam[edit]

There are many medical schools in Vietnam, such Hanoi Medical University, the Vietnam University 
of Traditional Medicine, and the University of Ortondo-Stomatology. Most of them require six 
years to receive a Bachelor of Medicine degree.

Wales[edit]

Both universities in Wales that have medical schools, namely Cardiff University and Swansea 
University, award MB BCh.

West Indies[edit]

All constituent countries of the University of the West Indies (UWI) confer MB BS, due to the 
historical affiliation of UWI to the University of London. The three physical campuses are 
Mona in Jamaica, St. Augustine in Trinidad and Tobago, Cave Hill in Barbados with each campus 
having a Medical Faculty. The University of Guyana (UG) also confers "MB BS" to their medical 
school graduates. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-
American system leading to MD.

Zambia[edit]

All schools in Zambia that award the MBChB degree:
Government sponsored medical schools:
  • University of Zambia (UNZA)
  • Copperbelt University (CBU)
Private sponsored medical schools:
  • Cavendish University Zambia (CUZ)
  • Lusaka Apex Medical University (LAMU)

Zimbabwe[edit]

The University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences awards the MBChB degree, while 
the National University of Science and Technology awards MBBS degree.

Classification[edit]

Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are professional qualifications 
that lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other 
undergraduate degrees, so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are 
undergraduate or graduate degrees (depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately 
conceptualised as a so-called first professional degree. Other professions whose qualifications 
follow a similar pattern include:
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as general/ordinary degrees, 
not as honours degrees, and as such the graduate is not classified as for honours degrees in 
other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example the University of 
University of Manchester in England and the University of Dundee in Scotland) it is possible 
for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons.)) or with Commendation, 
if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very 
few of these are awarded.
More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an intercalated 
(BMedSci), Bachelor of Medical Biology (BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge 
in England and Dublin in Ireland Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded. At a few universities 
most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of 
Edinburgh had a six-year course, the third year was followed by the award of an ordinary BSc
(MedSci). In Australia, The University of Melbourne in Australia offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a 
medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University 
offers a Law degree (LLB); if the optional Law degree is undertaken, on completion of their 
degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend 
one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham and the 
University of Southampton, both in England, all medical students on the five-year course obtain a 
Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. At Imperial 
College London and University College London, certain medical students are able to extend 
their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to 
complete a Ph.D.. Upon completion of the Ph.D., the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years 
of the medicine course in order to receive his/her MBBS degree. The University of the West 
Indies, Mona in Kingston, Jamaica automatically awards a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci)
degree to all students who have successfully completed three years of their MBBS programme.[17]

Progression[edit]

Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a 
medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country. Medical graduates 
are eligible to sit postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and fellowship 
of professional institutions. Among the latter are the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
postgraduate master's degrees (such as a Master of Surgery or Master of Medicine), and a 
postgraduate doctorate in medicine (such as Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Science, if earned in 
Ireland, the UK or Commonwealth nations, and board certification examinations).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ O'Connor, Bridget N. (October 2011). "Perspectives on professional doctorate 
  2. education in the United States" (pdf). Work Based Learning e-Journal. Middlesex 
  3. University. 2 (1). Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  4. Jump up^ "ECFMG 2008 Information Booklet — Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials".
  5. Jump up^ "Columbia University: About Columbia".
  6. Jump up^ Bowden, K.M. (1965) Forensic Medicine, Jacaranda Press, p. 23
  7. Jump up^ "Study MBBS in China".
  8. Jump up^ "Doctor of Medicine (MD)". University of Melbourne. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 
  9. 5 July 2014.
  10. Jump up^ http://www.bsmmu.edu.bd/?page=menu&content=139020387254 
  11. List of Program offered by BSMMU
  12. Jump up^ Ministry of Education Notice (PRC)
  13. Jump up^ The UK quality code for higher education
  14. Jump up^ Walker, R Milnes (1965). Medical Education in Britain. London: Nuffield Provincial 
  15. Hospitals Trust.
  16. Jump up^ About Kwame Nkrumah University
  17. Jump up^ "Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore".
  18. Jump up^ "Medical schools in Somalia". HAS. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  19. Jump up^ "About us". Sri Lanka Medical Council. Retrieved 5 October2016.
  20. Jump up^ "Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency on Higher Education in Syria" 
  21. (PDF). Retrieved 21 Feb 2015.
  22. Jump up^ (PHY-993) (HOD,0495) Wisconsin Medical Society PDF
  23. Jump up^ Regulations of the University of West Indies Regarding The MBBS dEGREE

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